Evolution Korea: What's The Only Thing Nobody Is Talking About
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than one would expect.
The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of today's Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking block printing art styles, and written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials were members of the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or build fortifications.
At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and they must be obeyed and respected by all people, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the patterns created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this population. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.
KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.
One instance of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in creationism that they raised the money and support to put up an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. During this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The primary challenge facing the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives monitoring and discipline policies that been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as immigrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become website powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.